Applications of nanomaterials in the 21st century

[Dantera]

The production and application of nanocomposite materials in electrical engineering is a powerful means of energy saving. A distinctive feature of nanotechnology is the production of materials with nanostructural components at lower temperatures.

The fundamental problem of nanosized substances is to determine the mechanism of the process of intergranular interaction of nanocrystalline powders. To implement a high-quality process of forming nanomaterials, it is necessary to use a set of equipment for magnetic-pulse pressing of powders, which greatly expands the possibilities for obtaining and studying the mechanism of formation of dense ceramic materials based on oxide nanocrystalline powders. Obtaining almost 100% density at the formation stage, which is impossible using traditional pressing methods, allows to lower the sintering temperature of nanocrystals and reduce the effect of recrystallization processes on the formation of nanoceramics. The development of technology for the production of nanoceramics and other magnetic nanomaterials with enhanced mechanical and functional properties makes it possible to obtain new materials for the magnetic circuits of electrical machines.

Cheap, lightweight, and strong nanomaterials will eventually replace most metals and plastics. Carbon nanotubes are a hundred times stronger than steel, while being ten times lighter and thousands of times more electrically conductive. Toyota is already adding them to car bumpers, but there is no mass application yet. This is due to the fact that so far nanotubes are obtained by primitive, inefficient methods, which makes them too expensive for everyday use: $50-100 per gram.

The use of nanomaterials for the creation of protective, decorative, and wear-resistant surface coatings is promising. Technologies have already been developed for obtaining finely dispersed coatings from Pd, Ir, Rh, Co, Ni, Ag, Cu on ceramic, quartz, metal, plastic, composite products with a shape of any complexity. Coatings made of nanomaterials are denser and more corrosion-resistant, uniform in thickness, retained on parts with a complex profile, better soldered compared to electroplated or vacuum-sprayed coatings.

+ Coatings were obtained from a two-phase composite nanomaterial consisting of a metal matrix and embedded dispersed diamond particles. A wide range of metals can be used as matrices: chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, silver, gold, cobalt. Composite metal-diamond coatings are characterized by a significant increase in adhesion and cohesion, an increase in microhardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, a decrease in porosity, good antifriction properties, and high scattering power.

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